خرید و دانلود فایل پاورپوینت کامل A brief history of the holy Qur’an

بخشی از متن فایل پاورپوینت کامل A brief history of the holy Qur’an :

Source: , by , p. 97.

The influence of the Qur”an, which was revealed in separate chapters and verses, increased day by day. Its eloquence and miraculous clarity transfixed the Arabs who attached great importance to fine language; they came from far and wide to hear and learn a few verses from the Prophet. However, the notables of Mecca and the leaders of Quraysh, who were idolators and bitter enemies of the Prophet and of Islam, tried to prevent the people from getting close to the Prophet; they tried to frighten off the Arabs by telling them the Qur”an was magic.
Despite this people came, unknown to friends, family and servants, in the dark of night to a place near the Prophet”s house and listened to the Prophet reading the Qur”an.
The efforts of the early Muslims in listening to, memorizing and recording the Qur”an were stimulated by another motive: they valued the Qur”an as a sacred document, being the word of God; they were also obliged to read the chapter “al- Fatihah” and a portion of another part of the Qur”an during their prayers. It was also the Qur”an through which the Prophet had been commanded to instruct people in the laws of Islam .
This study and devotion to the Qur”an became more ordered and comprehensive after the Prophet emigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community. He ordered a considerable number of The companions to recite the Qur”an and to learn and teach the laws which were being revealed daily. So important was this activity that, according to special permission granted by God in chapter “Repentance,” verse 122, these scholars were relieved of their obligation to fight jihad (so called Holy War).
Since most of the Prophet”s companions, (in particular those who had emigrated from Mecca to Medina), were unable to read or write, the Prophet ordered them to learn from the Jewish prisoners-of-war the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of the companions gradually became literate.
Those of this group who engaged in the recitation of the Qur”an, learning by heart the chapters and verses were called qurra”; it was from amongst this group that forty (some report seventy) died as martyrs in an accident called Bi”r Ma”unah.
The Qur”an was recorded, as it was revealed, on tablets, bones and the wide flat end of the date palm fronds. There is no doubt that most chapters were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shiiah sources, relating the Prophet”s use of the Qur”an as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation.
Similarly, one comes across names of chapters in traditions which describe the time when the Prophet was still alive, namely the very long chapters and “al-Fatihah”.
After the Death of the Prophet
After the death of the Prophet, “Ali who, (according to a tradition of absolute authority), was more knowledgeable of the Qur”an than any other man retired to his house and compiled the Qur”an in one volume in the order corresponding to its revelation. Before six months had elapsed after the death of the Prophet, the volume was completed and carried by camel to show to other people.
Just about a year after the death of the Prophet, the war of Yamamah took place in which seventy of the reciters were killed and the Caliphs conceived the idea of collecting the different chapters and verses into one volume. They feared that should a future battle take place and the rest of the qurra ” be killed, the whole Qur”an would disappear with them.
Thus, on the orders of the Caliph, a group of the qurra” from amongst the companions including Zayd ibn Thabit, collected the chapters and verses (written on tablets, bones and date palm fronds and kept in the Prophet”s house or the houses of reciters), and produced several hand-written copies of the complete Book. They then sent copies of this compilation to all areas of the Muslim domain.
After a time, during the rule of the third Caliph, it came to the attention of the Caliph himself that differences and inconsistencies were appearing in the copying down of the Qur”an; some calligraphers lacked precision in their writing and some reciters were not accurate in their recitation.
Since the word of God seemed threatened with alteration, the Caliph ordered that five of the qurra” from amongst the companions, (one of them being Zayd ibn Thabit who had compiled the first volume), produce other copies from the first volume which had been prepared on the orders of the first Caliph and which had been kept with Hafsah, the wife of the Prophet and daughter of the second Caliph.
The other copies, already in the hands of Muslims in other areas, were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were burnt (or, according to some historians, were destroyed by boiling). Thus several copies were made, one being kept in Medina, one in Mecca, and one each sent to Sham (a territory now divided into Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan), Kufa and Basra.
It is said that beside these five, one copy was also sent to Yemen and one to Bahran. These copies were called the Imam copies and served as original for all future copies. The only difference of order between these copies and the first volume was that the chapters “Spirits of War” and “Immun- ity” were written in one place between “The Heights” and “Jonah.”
The Importance Muslims Attached to the Qur”an
As we have pointed out above, the verses and chapters of the Qur”an were in oral use amongst Muslims at the time of its first and second compilation into one volume. They were extremely careful in preserving what they had learnt by heart.
Moreover, a large group of companions and their followers were engaged only in recitation and learning the Qur”an by heart. The collecting together of the Qur”an into one volume took place under their scrutiny. They all accepted, without objection, the volume when it was given to them and then made copies of it.
It happened that when some men tried to record verse 34 in “Repentance,” “And those who hoard up gold and silver” without the “and” in the “Uthmanic (second compilation) volume, they were prevented from doing so. The companion Ubayy ibn Ka”b swore that if anyone left out the “and” he would fight him with the sword.
As a result, the word “And” was recorded. One day the second Caliph, during the time of his own caliphate, read the verse, And the first to lead the way of the Muhajirin and Ansar and those who follow them in goodness. [IX:100], without the word “and”; he was opposed and forced in the end to read it with the “and”.
The Qur”an that had been compiled by “Ali was rejected by several people when he showed it to them. Despite this